Urban greening and the UHI: Seasonal trade-offs in heating and cooling energy consumption in Manchester, UK

- This research estimated seasonal building energy changes due to UHII and urban vegetation.
- The summer UHI alone increased the air conditioning load by approximately 7-8%.
- Energy modelling estimated a reduction of 4.2% in July chiller energy consumption due to eight additional trees.
- In winter, the increased UHI led to boiler energy reductions of 55.4-63.7%.
- The wintertime benefit of the UHI is less certain when analysed for seasonal trade-offs in energy-related carbon emissions.