Effects of suspended titanium dioxide nanoparticles on cake layer formation in submerged membrane bioreactor

- Effects of suspended TiO2 nanoparticles on cake layer formation in MBR were studied.
- TiO2 NPs aggravated membrane pore blocking but postponed cake layer fouling.
- TiO2 NPs affected the distribution of the organic and the inorganic in cake layer.
- Line-analysis and dot map of EDX were firstly used to identify cake layer structure.
- Element distribution of cross-section cake layer, especially inner, was disclosed.