Late Pleistocene - Holocene sea-level dynamics in the Caspian and Black Seas: Data synthesis and Paradoxical interpretations

Different multidisciplinary data concerning the paleodynamics of sea-level variations in the Caspian and Black seas are controversial in some aspects. There are at least three paradoxes that are discussed in the paper. The Paradox No. 1 relates to the Early and Late Khvalynian transgressions that occurred in the CS during the second part of MIS 3 (∼35-25 ka BP) and the Late Glacial epoch (∼17-12 ka BP), respectively. It is unclear what the main source or sources of water were that caused them. Paradox No. 2 emerges from the comparison of climate events and transgressive-regressive cycles in the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. It implies that large sea-level anomalies occurred in accordance with global climate changes (because they are influenced by climate variations). However, other (not so long-lived) sea-level fluctuations are poorly correlated with climate events. The question is why climatically-induced sea-level changes did not follow climatic variations. Paradox No. 3 concerns the contradiction between the massive water discharge from the Black Sea into the Sea of Marmara via the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea level fluctuations in the Latest Pleistocene-Holocene that could not exist simultaneously. It is shown that Paradox No. 2 has been solved, at least on conceptual level. Solutions to Paradoxes No. 1 and No. 3 are still lacking: further geological and geochronological evidence as well as climate simulation are required. Formulation of solutions for these paradoxes should make a major contribution not only to the problems of the Caspian and Black seas' paleogeography, but also provide help in explaining the reasons for inadequate simulation of regional climate changes. This is important in the context of the development of models for future climate prediction.