Enhancing arsenic removal from arsenic-contaminated water by Echinodorus cordifolius−endophytic Arthrobacter creatinolyticus interactions

In this study, Echinodorus cordifolius was the best plant for arsenic removal compared to Cyperus alternifolius, Acrostichum aureum and Colocasia esculenta. Under arsenic stress, the combination of E. cordifolius with microbes (Bacillus subtilis and Arthrobacter creatinolyticus) was investigated. It was found that A. creatinolyticus, a native microbe, can endure arsenic toxicity, produce higher indole−3 acetic acid (IAA) and ammonium production better than B. subtilis. Interestingly, E. cordifolius−endophytic A. creatinolyticus interactions showed that dipping plant roots in A. creatinolyticus suspension for 5 min had the highest arsenic removal efficiency compared to dipping plant roots in A. creatinolyticus suspension for 2 h and inoculating A. creatinolyticus with E. cordifolius directly. Our findings indicated that under this inoculation condition, the inoculum could colonize from the roots to the shoots of the host tissues in order to avoid arsenic toxicity and favored arsenic removal by the host through plant growth-promoting traits, such as IAA production. Highest levels of IAA were found in plant tissues and the plants exhibited higher root elongation than other conditions. Moreover, low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was related to low arsenic stress. In addition, dipping E. cordifolius roots in A. creatinolyticus for 5 min was applied in a constructed wetland, the result showed higher arsenic removal than conventional method. Therefore, this knowledge can be applied at a real site for improving plant tolerance stress, plant growth stimulation, and enhancing arsenic remediation.