On the lability of dissolved Cu, Pb and Zn in freshwater: Optimization and application to the Deûle (France)

► Trace metal speciation in freshwater (Deûle River) at natural pH. ► Direct determination of labile Pb and Zn concentrations by DPASV. ► Determination of labile Cu levels by DPCSV in the presence of oxine. ► Labile metal fractions vary between 1.5 and 20%.