Nanomaterial-based biosensors for environmental and biological monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents

Due to the large amounts of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides commonly used and their impact on the environment and health, it is important to develop a prompt, accurate method of pesticide analysis. This review gives an overview of recent advances and new trends in nanomaterial-based biosensors for environmental and biological monitoring of OP pesticides and nerve agents. We provide background information and a general overview of electrochemical and immunoassay detection techniques. Nanomaterials function as signal transducers to mediate current flow or as recognition agents. We present electroactive tags to indicate the detection of analytes. In addition, we discuss future considerations and opportunities for advancing the use of biosensors for environmental and health studies.