Three-dimensional cellular automaton-finite element modeling of solidification grain structures for arc-welding processes

Simulated 3D grain structure (3D CAFE model) for GTAW multiple linear passes at the surface of a duplex stainless steel (URANUS 22002) sample. A parallel scanning strategy along the +X axis is applied with a 12 mm distance between successive passes. Epitaxial grain growth takes place from the already existing structure. Pole figures of the 〈100〉 crystallographic directions indicate changes in grain structure orientation as a function of position, demonstrating simulation of the grain selection mechanisms.370