Finite element approach to caving in stratified, jointed rock masses

► Caving transforms strong rock finite elements into weak elements.
► Caved zones in elastic–plastic analyses form domes over undercuts.
► These domes are only slightly greater in extent than original elastic–plastic regions.
► Equivalent properties allow joints to be taken into account. Influence functions allow recovery of joint failures.
► With joints, caving forms chimneys that extend to the surface.