Planetary boundary layer and slope winds on Venus

Few constraints are available to characterize the deep atmosphere of Venus, though this region is crucial to understand the interactions between surface and atmosphere on Venus. Based on simulations performed with the IPSL Venus Global Climate Model, the possible structure and characteristics of Venus' planetary boundary layer (PBL) are investigated. The vertical profile of the potential temperature in the deepest 10 km above the surface and its diurnal variations are controlled by radiative and dynamical processes. The model predicts a diurnal cycle for the PBL activity, with a stable nocturnal PBL while convective activity develops during daytime. The diurnal convective PBL is strongly correlated with surface solar flux and is maximum around noon and in low latitude regions. It typically reaches less than 2 km above the surface, but its vertical extension is much higher over high elevations, and more precisely over the western flanks of elevated terrains. This correlation is explained by the impact of surface winds, which undergo a diurnal cycle with downward katabatic winds at night and upward anabatic winds during the day along the slopes of high-elevation terrains. The convergence of these daytime anabatic winds induces upward vertical winds, that are responsible for the correlation between height of the convective boundary layer and topography.