Lunar heat flow experiments: Science objectives and a strategy for minimizing the effects of lander-induced perturbations

► Lunar heat flow constrains the Moon's thermal evolution and differentiation history. ► Spacecraft shadows perturb the subsurface thermal structure and heat flow. ► Measuring heat flow >2 m from permanent shadows minimizes perturbations. ► Possible approach: deploy heat flow and seismometer on opposite sides of spacecraft. ► Requirements for a Mars heat flow experiment are less stringent than for lunar case.