Controls for multi-scale temporal variation in ecosystem methane exchange during the growing season of a permanently inundated fen

• Wavelet analysis reveals wetland-specific dynamics and controls for CH4 fluxes.
• Gas exchange response to weather change is slow in comparison to drier ecosystems.
• Controls act time scale specific and their impact changes during the growing season.
• Air water and soil temperature control CH4 fluxes on bi-weekly to seasonal scales.
• Plant activity and thermal convection create a diurnal pattern of CH4 fluxes

Wetlands are the largest natural sources for atmospheric methane (CH4). In wetlands with permanent shallow inundation, the seasonal variation of CH4 exchange is mainly controlled by temperature and phenology. In addition, ecosystem CH4 exchange varies considerably on smaller temporal scales such as days or weeks. Several single processes that control CH4 emissions on the local soil–plant–atmosphere continuum are well investigated, but their interaction on ecosystem level is not well understood yet. We applied wavelet analysis to a quasi-continuous eddy covariance CH4 flux time series to describe the temporal variation of ecosystem CH4 exchange within the growing season of a permanently inundated temperate fen. Moreover, we addressed time scale-specific controls and investigated whether their impact changes during the course of the growing season.On large time scales of two weeks to three months, temperature explained most of the variation in ecosystem CH4 exchange. In general, the temperature in the shallow water column had the largest impact as explanatory variable, however, air temperature and soil temperature became increasingly important as explanatory variables when water level dropped slightly up to June. The diurnal variation of ecosystem CH4 exchange shifted during the course of the growing season: During a short time period at the end of April, plant activity (expressed by canopy photosynthesis) caused a diurnal variation of ecosystem CH4 exchange with peak time around noon. In the following weeks, the daily cycle of convective mixing within the water column (expressed by the water temperature gradient) gradually gained importance and caused high night-time CH4 emissions, thereby levelling off the diurnal CH4 emission pattern. Moreover, shear-induced turbulence caused short-term fluctuations of ecosystem CH4 exchange on time scales up to two hours.Our study highlights the need for multi-scale approaches that consider the non-stationarity of the underlying processes to adequately describe the complexity of ecosystem CH4 exchange. Moreover, we show that CH4 release processes such as convective mixing of the water column which have been mainly considered for aquatic ecosystems (see recent exceptions in Godwin et al., 2013; Poindexter and Variano, 2013) might also be of importance in shallowly flooded terrestrial ecosystems.

Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideSuperposition and filtering of wavelet coherence results provides time-scale specific controls for ecosystem CH4 exchange during the course of the growing season in a temperate fen.