Long term and seasonal courses of leaf area index in a semi-arid forest plantation

Effective leaf area index (LAIe) in the semi-arid Pinus halepensis plantation, located between arid and semi-arid climatic zones at the edge of the Negev and Judean deserts, was measured bi-annually during four years (2001–2004) and more intensively (monthly) during the following two years (2004–2006) by a number of non-contact optical devices. The measurements showed a gradual increase in LAIe from ∼1 (±0.25) to ∼1.8 (±0.11) during these years. All instruments, when used properly, gave similar results that were also comparable with actual leaf area index measured by litter collection and destructive sampling and allometric estimates. Because of the constraint of clear sky conditions, which limited the use of the fisheye type sensors to times of twilight, the fisheye techniques were less useful. The tracing radiation and architecture of canopies system, which includes specific treatment of two levels of clumpiness of the sparse forest stand, was used successfully for the intensive monitoring. The mean clumpiness index, 0.61, is considered representative for the specific environment. Finally, the LAIe measurements at the start of each season were used to constrain phenology-based estimates of annual LAIe development, resulting in a continuous course of LAIe in the forest over the five-year period. Intra-seasonal LAIe variation in the order of 10% of total LAIe predicted by the model was also observed in the intensive TRAC measurements, giving confidence in the TRAC system and indicating its sensitivity and applicability in woodlands even with low LAIe values. The results can be important for forest management decision support as well as for use in evaluation of remote sensing techniques for forests at the lowest range of LAIe values.

Research highlights
► Leaf area index (LAI) in the mature semi-arid forest's predominantly Pinus halepensis plantation was measured intensively during the years 2001 to 2006 by a number of non-contact optical devices.
► The measurements showed a gradual increase in LAI from ∼1 to ∼2 during these years.
► The LAI measurements at the start of each season were used to constrain phenology-based estimates of annual LAI development that predicts intra-seasonal LAI variation in the order of 10% of total LAI.
► The mean clumpiness index, 0.61, is considered representative for the specific environment.