Epigenome dysregulation in cholangiocarcinoma

Epigenomics is a fast-evolving field of research that has lately attracted considerable interest, mainly due to the reversibility of epigenetic marks. Clinically, among solid tumors, the field is still limited. In cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) it is well known that the epigenetic landscape is deregulated both during carcinogenesis and disease progression as a consequence of aberrant mechanisms leading to genome instability. In this article, we will briefly review the molecular alterations that have been described in the transformation of normal cholangiocytes into malignant derivatives, focusing on the role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) interactions, DNA methylation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones and chromatin remodeling complexes.