Angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) regulates liver fibrosis by modulating TGF-β signaling

Fibrosis is a common pathophysiological process following liver injury and can lead to, if left unattended to, irreversible end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major contributor to liver fibrosis. Here we investigated the involvement of angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) in HSC activation and the underlying mechanisms. Aggf1 expression was down-regulated in the livers in three different mouse models of liver fibrosis following injury. Aggf1 expression was also suppressed in activated HSCs when compared to quiescent HSCs. Over-expression of Aggf1 alleviated liver fibrosis in mice and in cultured HSCs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis performed in HSCs revealed that Aggf1-dependent transcription regulates several key fibrogenic pathways. Mechanistically, Aggf1 regulated liver fibrogenesis by forming a complex with the inhibitor SMAD protein (SMAD7) thereby leading to diminished SMAD3 binding to the pro-fibrogenic gene promoters. On the contrary, SMAD7 knockdown abrogated the effect of Aggf1 and rescued HSC activation. Aggf1 expression was silenced during HSC activation/liver fibrogenesis as a result of DNA methylation. Treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Azacytidine) restored Aggf1 expression and repressed liver fibrosis in an Aggf1-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data illustrate a previously unknown role for Aggf1 and shed light on the development of novel therapeutic solutions against liver fibrosis.