Regulation of wound healing and organ fibrosis by toll-like receptors

► TLRs detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns. ► In tissue injury, TLRs may also detect endogenous molecular “danger” patterns. ► TLRs are expressed not only on immune cells but also on fibroblasts and epithelium. ► TLRs promote maladaptive wound healing responses such as fibrosis and carcinogenesis. ► The contribution of TLRs to wound healing is highly organ- and context-dependent.