Peroxynitrite may affect fibrinolysis via the reduction of platelet-related fibrinolysis resistance and alteration of clot structure

We tested the hypothesis that in vitro peroxynitrite (ONOO−, a product of activated inflammatory cells) may affect fibrinolysis in human blood through the reduction of platelet-related fibrinolysis resistance. It was found that ONOO− (25-300 µM) accelerated lysis of platelet-fibrin clots (in PRP) dose-dependently, whereas fibrinolysis of platelet-free clots was slightly inhibited by ≥1000 µM stressor. Concentrations of ONOO− affecting the lysis of platelet-rich clots, inhibited clot retraction (CR) in a dose-dependent manner. Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) measurements performed in PRP showed that treatment with ONOO− (threshold conc. 100 µM) prolongs clotting time, and reduces alpha angle, and clot formation velocity parameters indicating for reduced thrombin formation rate. In PRP, ONOO− (threshold conc. 100 µM) reduced the collagen-evoked exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on platelets' plasma membrane, the shedding of platelet-derived microparticles (PMP), and inhibited platelet-dependent thrombin generation (measured in artificial system), dose-dependently. As judged by confocal microscopy, similar ONOO− concentrations altered the architecture of clots formed in collagen-treated PRP. Clots formed in the presence of ONOO− were less dense and were composed of thicker fibers, which make them more susceptible to lysis. In platelet-depleted plasma, ONOO− (up to milimolar concentration) did not alter clot structure. Blockage of PS exposed on platelets resulted in an alteration of clot architecture toward more prone to lysis. ONOO−, at lysis-affecting concentrations, inhibited the collagen-evoked secretion of fibrinolytic inhibitors from platelets. We conclude that physiologically relevant ONOO− concentrations may accelerate the lysis of platelet-fibrin clots predominantly via downregulation of platelet-related mechanisms including: platelet secretion, clot retraction, platelet procoagulant response, and the alteration in clot architecture associated with it.