Seismically induced soft-sediment deformation structures in an active seismogenic setting: The Plio-Pleistocene Karewa deposits, Kashmir Basin (NW Himalaya)

The observed soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are predominantly developed in the sand, silt and clay beds; and include load and water escape structures, intrusive sedimentary bodies, convolute bedding, disturbed laminites, and slump structures. Deformation mechanism and driving forces of the SSDS were seismic shock waves. Sediment loading and storm events as driver for the SSDS are less likely and the proximity of the SSDS to faults underlines the seismic origin of these structures. Syn-and post-depositional faults and deformation bands developed in the Karewa deposits support the interpretation of neotectonic activity and point to an earthquake of magnitude >5.5 that struck the Kashmir basin in the Plio-Pleistocene.