Podhradem Interstadial; A critical review of the middle and late MIS 3 (Denekamp, Hengelo) in Moravia, Czech Republic

Knowledge of global climatic fluctuations in the last glacial period has been instrumental for understanding evolution of the landscape and human behavior. Regional environmental responses to these fluctuations are influenced by many factors and their identification at the regional level usually results in local chronostratigraphic schemes. The term Podhradem Interstadial was introduced to the scientific community in 1966 on the basis of the results of an interdisciplinary excavation at Pod Hradem Cave in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic). Brown soil horizons preserved in the upper part of the section were interpreted as evidence for a warmer period in the last glacial period. The upper part of this soil complex contained fauna remains and lithic artefacts indirectly dated to the time range 28.2-33.3 14C ka BP. Although based on contemporary state of knowledge, the Podhradem Interstadial had no stratigraphic equivalent in loess profiles of former Czechoslovakia and Lower Austria, the term was occasionally used in the European literature. The new interdisciplinary excavations of Pod Hradem Cave (2011-2016) yielded new data, which we use to re-evaluate the concept of the Podhradem Interstadial. In light of the new results, it seems that the original definition of Podhradem Interstadial has a number of problems. It does not fulfill stratigraphic standards and it is evident that the contemporaneous sediments differ lithologically in different parts of the cave. Furthermore, when we take into account the current availability of sophisticated climatostratigraphic schemes for the MIS 3 period, the continuing use of the Podhradem Interstadial should be considered redundant.