Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues

The Asian monsoon is comprised of the Indian and East Asian subsystems. These two components are linked to one another in varying degrees by regions of strong sensible heating (Indo-Asian landmass) and strong latent heat export (the Western Pacific Warm Pool and the southern subtropical Indian Ocean). Variability within the Indian and East Asian subsystems, interactions among them, and the extent to which they interact with other climate phenomena (e.g., ENSO) are current topics of modern and paleoclimate research. This work provides an overview of past and current paleomonsoon research on tectonic to interannual time scales with a primary focus on marine sediment records. While past and current work has contributed greatly to our understanding of paleomonsoon variability at all time scales, additional efforts are required to make further progress in two critical areas. (1) Additional efforts are needed in terms of proxy development and evaluation, requiring concerted efforts at long-term sediment trap deployments in key monsoon-influenced regions as well as development of adequate and widely available core-top databases. These are necessary to assess the impact of modern oceanographic and seafloor processes on potential monsoon proxies. (2) Additional effort is also needed in acquiring a sufficient geographic distribution of downcore records to assess linkages among the subsystems and their role in the context of extratropical climate change. These records should have high sedimentation rates (including varved sections). This requires substantial survey support to identify the most appropriate coring and drilling targets.