Forensic implications of PCR inhibition—A review

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is currently the method of choice for the identification of human remains in forensic coursework. DNA samples from crime scenes often contain co-purified impurities which inhibit PCR. PCR inhibition is the most common cause of PCR failure when adequate copies of DNA are present. Inhibitors have been routinely reported in forensic investigations of DNA extracted from a variety of templates. Humic compounds, a series of substances produced during decay process have been considered as the materials contaminating DNA in soil, natural waters and recent sediments. Those compounds have been frequently assigned as PCR inhibitors. The current report reviews the characteristics of PCR inhibition, including the proposed mechanisms of inhibition, detection methods and the available technologies to remove or overcome the inhibitory activities.