L'addictologie de liaison : outils et spécificités

Since the 1970s, the concept of “consultation/liaison (CL) psychiatry” has pertained to specialized mobile teams which meet inpatients hospitalized in non-psychiatric settings to offer them on-the-spot psychiatric assessment, treatment, and, if needed, adequate referral. Since the birth of CL psychiatry, a long set of theoretical books and articles has aimed at integrating CL psychiatry into the wider scope of psychosomatic medicine. In the year 2000, a circular issued by the Health Ministry defined the organization of “CL addiction services” in France. Official CL addiction teams are named “Équipes de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie” (ELSAs) which are separated from CL psychiatry units. Though this separation can be questioned, it actually emphasizes that the work provided by CL addiction teams has some very specific features. The daily practice of ELSAs somewhat differs from that of psychiatric CL teams. Addictive behaviors often result from progressive substance misuse. In this respect, the ELSAs' practice frequently involves screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) interventions, which are rather specific of addiction medicine and consist more of prevention interventions than actual addiction treatment. Moreover, for patients with characterized substance use disorders substantial skills in motivational interviewing are required in ELSA consultations. Though motivational interviewing is not specific to addiction medicine, its regular use is uncommon for other liaison teams in France. Furthermore, substance misuse can induce many types of acute or delayed substance-specific medical consequences. These consequences are often poorly known and thus poorly explored by physicians of other specialties. ELSAs have therefore the role of advising their colleagues for a personalized somatic screening among patients with substance misuse. In this respect, the service undertaken by ELSAs is not only based on relational skills but also comprises a somatic expertise. This specificity differs from CL psychiatry. Moreover, several recent studies have shown that in some cases it was useful to extend liaison interventions for addiction into outpatient consultations that are directly integrated in the consultation units of certain specialties (e.g., hepatology, emergency, or oncology). Such a partnership can substantially enhance patients' motivation and addiction outcome. This specificity is also hardly transposable in CL psychiatry. In France, addiction medicine is an inter-specialty that is not fully-integrated into psychiatry. This separation is also applied for CL services which emphasizes real differences in the daily practices and in intervention frameworks. Regardless, CL psychiatry units and ELSAs share many other features and exhibit important overlaps in terms of targeted populations and overall missions. These overlaps are important to conjointly address, with the aim to offer integrated and collaborative services, within the hospital settings of other medical specialties.