Sequential-injection analysis (SIA): A useful tool for on-line sample-handling and pre-treatment

In this article, sequential-injection analysis (SIA) is reviewed as a tool for on-line sample manipulation and sample pre-treatment. Although SIA is an established technique for performing solution chemistry, its great potential lies in the scope it offers for the more complicated on-line sample-manipulation stages before the measurement step. This review will demonstrate the scope of SIA in complex sample-handling procedures with examples of on-line sample dilution, dialysis and gas diffusion, extraction (liquid/liquid, gas/liquid and solid-phase), enzymatic and immunological assays, and various other on-line operations.