Sessile droplet formation in the laser-induced forward transfer of liquids: A time-resolved imaging study

The formation process of sessile droplets in the laser-induced forward transfer of aqueous solutions was analyzed through time-resolved imaging. At the irradiation conditions which lead to the deposition of well-defined droplets, a cavitation bubble is generated in the laser irradiated area. Such bubble evolves into a high-speed liquid jet which propagates towards the receptor solid substrate. Once the jet impinges on the receptor substrate, liquid gently starts accumulating on the impact position, and the growth of a sessile droplet initiates. In a first stage, which only lasts a few microseconds, the forming droplet suffers a fast spreading process. Then, the jet continues feeding the forming droplet for some hundreds of microseconds, but the droplet diameter remains constant, and thus the contact angle increases. Finally, liquid feeding stops due to jet breakup, and the sessile droplet initiates a slow relaxation process in which its contact angle diminishes and its diameter increases. This deposition process results in the deposition of a single sessile droplet up to donor film–receptor substrate distances of the order of the millimeter. At higher separations, satellite droplets appear, and at even higher separations only randomly distributed small droplets are deposited.