Transparent heaters based on solution-processed indium tin oxide nanoparticles

We demonstrate transparent heaters constructed on glass substrates using solution-processed indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) and their heating capability. The heat-generating characteristics of the heaters depended significantly on the sintering temperature at which the ITO NPs deposited on a glass substrate by spin-coating were transformed thermally into a solid film. The steady-state temperature of the ITO NP film sintered at 400 °C was 163 °C at a bias voltage of 20 V, and the defrosting capability of the film was confirmed by using dry-ice.