Selecting samples for Mars sample return: Triage by pyrolysis–FTIR

A future Mars Sample Return mission will deliver samples of the red planet to Earth laboratories for detailed analysis. A successful mission will require selection of the best samples that can be used to address the highest priority science objectives including assessment of past habitability and evidence of life. Pyrolysis is a commonly used method for extracting organic information from rocks but is most often coupled with complex analytical steps such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a less resource demanding method that still allows sample characterisation. Here we demonstrate how pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used to triage samples destined to return to Earth, thereby maximising the scientific return from future sample return missions.

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► Pyrolysis and FTIR is a combination that can triage samples of Mars for return to Earth.
► Ambient gas analysis can identify locations receiving methane emissions.
► Hydrated minerals indicate habitable conditions and can be detected.
► Organic matter can be recognised and its nature determined.
► Analytical simplicity enables rapid and numerous analyses.