Seroreactivity of 38 Human Papillomavirus Types in Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Patients, Relatives, and Controls

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare recessive genodermatosis characterized by high susceptibility to infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of genus beta. Knowledge about seroreactivity against HPV in these patients and their first-degree relatives is scarce. Using multiplex serology, we analyzed antibodies to 38 HPV types from five genera in 32 EV patients, 22 first-degree relatives, and 64 and 44 age- and sex-matched, non-related, healthy controls, respectively. EV patients showed higher seroprevalences than non-related controls with statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) for 5 of 10 investigated alpha (OR range 6.9–21.3), all 16 beta (OR range 12.3–61.3), 3 of 9 gamma (OR range 6.4–11.7), and 1 of 2 mu HPVs (OR 5.8). In comparison to their relatives, antibodies in EV patients were significantly more prevalent for 4 of 16 beta HPVs (OR range 12.5–25.6), but for none of the other genera. A significantly increased seroprevalence in relatives compared with their controls was only seen for HPV 5 (OR 22.1). The considerably elevated HPV seroprevalence in EV patients, especially for beta papillomaviruses (PVs), reflects the high viral load described for these individuals. Whether the observed differences between relatives and healthy controls depend on heterozygosity for EV-associated alleles requires further investigation.