Quantification of synovial and erosive changes in rheumatoid arthritis with ultrasound—Revisited

Synovitis is a predictive factor of irreversible changes in the joints, tendons, and ligaments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the early demonstration of reversible, pre-erosive inflammatory features to diagnose RA, the monitoring of disease activity, and the response to therapy are of great importance. Technical developments in ultrasound now allow the quantification of synovitis and erosions, and enable the assessment and follow-up of disease activity. However, both the subjective and objective quantification techniques are associated with different problems. This review article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of sonographic quantification, and revisits the somewhat controversial positions apparent in the current literature. Familiarity with the imaging findings and the scoring systems used to characterize erosive changes are prerequisites for considerably improving the detection and monitoring of synovitis and erosions. The role of ultrasound in the diagnostic approach to RA, particularly in the quantification of synovial and erosive changes, will be explored and the current literature will be reviewed.