کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
---|---|---|---|---|
4462086 | 1313462 | 2015 | 7 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله ISI
The material conditions for research in France from 1600 to 1850: Physics, chemistry and astronomy
ترجمه فارسی عنوان
شرایط مواد برای تحقیقات در فرانسه از 1600 تا 1850: فیزیک، شیمی و نجوم
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کلمات کلیدی
تاریخچه علوم، قرن 17-19، هزینه ها، پروژه های بزرگ، رصدخانه پاریس
موضوعات مرتبط
مهندسی و علوم پایه
علوم زمین و سیارات
علوم زمین و سیاره ای (عمومی)
چکیده انگلیسی
The income of the scientists in France during the 17th to the middle of the 19th century is reviewed and compared to the cost of their instruments. Only a small number of scientists received enough public money to be able to do full-time research; this number increased substantially after the Revolution. Most scientists had to have other sources of income, in particular to be able to purchase their instruments. Large research projects, generally decided and financed by the Academy of Sciences, took place during this period, requiring collaborative interdisciplinary efforts and a considerable logistics: they anticipate our present cooperative programs and giant research facilities.
ناشر
Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: Comptes Rendus Geoscience - Volume 347, Issue 3, May–June 2015, Pages 105–111
Journal: Comptes Rendus Geoscience - Volume 347, Issue 3, May–June 2015, Pages 105–111
نویسندگان
James Lequeux,