Structural, textural, geochemical and isotopic signatures of synglaciogenic Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIFs) at Bafq mining district (BMD), Central Iran: The possible Ediacaran missing link of BIFs in Tethyan metallogeny

• The BIFs link to banded manganese-apatite formations.
• The jaspilites and diamictites correlate with glaciogenic BIFs.
• δ13C values in cap carbonates show negative excursions.
• Immobile elements are highly enriched in cap carbonates.

The Neoproterozoic magnetite–apatite–hematite–pyrolusite–jaspilite deposits in the Bafq mining district (BMD) contain more than 1.7 Gt ores with an average grade of 50 wt.% Fe and 0.01 to 7.78 wt.% P and were probably formed between 635 and 547 Ma in a riftogenic felsic submarine exhalative sequence of the Esfordi Formation. The ore zones occur in proximal zone of magnetite-rich albitized rhyolite (keratophyres), interdistal zone of rhyolitic tuff–tuffaceous sediments and distal zone of pyrolusite–jaspilite. These sequences are covered by the diamictites and cap carbonates. The BIFs are linked to the altered rhyolites–rhyodacites, jaspilites and diamictites and contain magnetite, hematite and apatite. The presence of Spriggina, Dickinsonia, Medusites and Persimedusites chahgazensis (Sennewald and Krüger, 1979; Hahn and, Pflug; McCall, 2006) in the Kushk shale member of the Esfordi Formation conforms to the Australian fauna of the Ediacaran period (635–540). This relative age is supported by some reliable Pb isotopic data (635–547 Ma) on galena, monazite and apatite (Huckriede et al., 1962; Torab, 2008; Stosch et al., 2011). The most frequent structures–textures in the ore zones include felsic autobrecciation, massive, colloidal, banded, detrital and glaciogenic. The BIFs are highlighted by high values of LREE fractionation and no significant Eu and Ce anomalies. The ores show high values of Fe2O3 (14–60%), and SiO2 (4–34%), and low contents of Al (3.32%), Cr (21.48 ppm), Co (42.82 ppm), Ni (125 ppm), V (868 ppm), and Ti (0.13%) similar to those of the Ediacaran–Rapitan BIFs. The cap carbonates show depletion in δ13C, with a range from − 0.43 to − 6.6 per mil and then return to near excursion of about + 2.97‰ in the Lower Cambrian carbonates. These are followed by δ18O values, which range from − 6.64 to − 11.86‰. The presence of jaspilites, diamictites, C and O isotopic signatures, REE patterns, and immobile element relationships highlights a glaciogenic BIF. Importantly, the glaciogenic structures–textures and jaspilites do not support the misconception of the previously proposed magmatic–carbonatitic and metasomatic–hydrothermal IOCG–Kiruna ore deposits.