Stratigraphic reconstruction of two debris avalanche deposits at Colima Volcano (Mexico): Insights into pre-failure conditions and climate influence

Throughout its history, Colima Volcano has experienced numerous partial edifice collapses with associated emplacement of debris avalanche deposits of contrasting volume, morphology and texture. A detailed stratigraphic study in the south-eastern sector of the volcano allowed the recognition of two debris avalanche deposits, named San Marcos (> 28,000 cal yr BP, V = ~ 1.3 km3) and Tonila (15,000–16,000 cal yr BP, V = ~ 1 km3 ). This work sheds light on the pre-failure conditions of the volcano based primarily on a detailed textural study of debris avalanche deposits and their associated pyroclastic and volcaniclastic successions. Furthermore, we show how the climate at the time of the Tonila collapse influenced the failure mechanisms. The > 28,000 cal yr BP San Marcos collapse was promoted by edifice steep flanks and ongoing tectonic and volcanotectonic deformation, and was followed by a magmatic eruption that emplaced pyroclastic flow deposits. In contrast, the Tonila failure occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum (22,000–18,000 cal BP) and, in addition to the typical debris avalanche textural characteristics (angular to sub-angular clasts, coarse matrix, jigsaw fit) it shows a hybrid facies characterized by debris avalanche blocks embedded in a finer, homogenous and partially cemented matrix, a texture more characteristic of debris flow deposits. The Tonila debris avalanche is directly overlain by a 7-m thick hydromagmatic pyroclastic succession. Massive debris flow deposits, often more than 10 m thick and containing large amounts of tree trunk logs, represent the top unit in the succession. Fluvial deposits also occur throughout all successions; these represent periods of highly localized stream reworking. All these lines of evidence point to the presence of water in the edifice prior to the Tonila failure, suggesting it may have been a weakening factor. The Tonila failure appears to represent an anomalous event related to the particular climatic conditions at the time of the collapse. The presence of extensive water at the onset of deglaciation modified the mobility of the debris avalanche, and led to the formation of a thick sequence of debris flows. The possibility that such a combination of events can occur, and that their probability is likely to increase during the rainy season, should be taken into consideration when evaluating hazards associated with future collapses at Colima volcano.

► A stratigraphic study in the SE sector of the Colima volcano identified two debris avalanche deposits (San Marcos and Tonila)
► The pre-failure conditions of the volcano are highlighted
► The climate during the Tonila collapse influenced the failure mechanisms
► The > 28,000 cal yr BP San Marcos collapse was promoted by edifice steep flanks and tectonic and volcanotectonic deformation
► The 15,000 cal yr BP Tonila failure occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum characterized by a high amount of water