Co-eruptive subsidence at Galeras identified during an InSAR survey of Colombian volcanoes (2006–2009)

Establishing a time series of deformation is one of the keys to understanding and predicting the magmatic behaviour of active volcanoes. Satellite techniques represent an increasingly useful tool for measuring volcanic deformation over timescales spanning days to decades. Colombia contains numerous young or active volcanoes, many of which are inaccessible. We use L-band (23.6 cm wavelength) radar data acquired between 2006 and 2009, to survey 15 active volcanoes along the Colombian segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone. Analysis of 100 interferograms showed that the majority of volcanoes were not deforming. However, independent interferograms display an average subsidence of 3 cm on the northeast flank of Galeras, coinciding with the January 2008 eruption. We combine InSAR, field measurements and source modelling to determine the origin, size and location of the source of subsidence at Galeras. Our results suggest that this signal was caused by deflation of the magma chamber associated with the January 2008 event. Modelling provides insight into the depth to source (~ 2 km) and a volume change (− 6.5 × 105 m3) which is consistent with that derived from modelling contemporaneous tilts and the volume of material erupted. Previous studies based on various datasets support the existence of a resident/recurring chamber at this location, over a decadal timescale. Our InSAR results corroborate the hypothesis of shallow magma storage beneath Galeras and provide the first piece of evidence that can be linked to a particular eruption.

Research highlights
► Analysis of 100 interferograms showed the majority of volcanoes were not deforming.
► Co-eruptive subsidence was identified at Galeras volcano.
► Modelling was used to determine the size and location of the source of subsidence.
► We combine InSAR, field data and modelling to determine the origin of the deflation.
► Our results support the existence of a resident/recurring chamber beneath Galeras.