Construction and evolution of igneous bodies: Towards an integrated perspective of crustal magmatism

• In the upper crust, igneous bodies often grow by addition of magma sheets.
• Magma fluxes vary in space and time and limit the size of magma reservoirs.
• Most differentiation happens in the lower and middle crusts.
• A rich diversity of evolved melts is generated in deep hot zones.
• Magmas stall and are further modified in multiple reservoirs throughout the crust.

Field, geochronological and geophysical studies show that many igneous bodies are emplaced incrementally, growing by accretion of successive magma sheets. The existence of melt reservoirs with a size that exceeds one single increment strongly depends on the sheet emplacement rate, whereas the total volumes of magma that accumulate depend on the volumetric magma flux. Integration of geochronological and field data with numerical simulations suggeststhat those rates can vary dramatically over the growth of an igneous body and that magmas accumulate to form melt-rich magma chambers only during episodes of high magma flux.Heat and mass balance considerations and the large volumes of mafic magma required to generate differentiated melts suggest that most crustal differentiation happens in deep hot zones in the lower crust wherein a wide diversity of melts are produced by crystallisation of mafic parents and concomitant partial melting of the crust. Melt composition is further modified during migration, segregation and ascent, and intermediate compositions can be generated when different types of melt mix. Magma fluxes and intrusion geometry play a fundamental role in igneous body evolution. Thus our knowledge of igneous processes depends ultimately on our understanding of the physics that control magma fluxes into the crust, magma emplacement within the crust and magma migration through the crust.