A radiogenic isotopic (He-Sr-Nd-Pb-Os) study of lavas from the Pitcairn hotspot: Implications for the origin of EM-1 (enriched mantle 1)

• New data from lavas associated with Pitcairn hotspot
• Presence of recycled sediment in the source
• Evidence of tholeiite volcanism, uncommon far from mid-ocean ridges
• The highest 3He/4He ratio (12.6 Ra, ratio to atmosphere) from the Pitcairn hotspot
• We propose a model that explains apparent high 3He/4He paradox in EM-1 mantle.

We present new He-Sr-Nd-Pb-Os isotopic compositions and major and trace-element concentrations for ten subaerially-erupted lavas and one seamount lava associated with the Pitcairn hotspot. The most geochemically-enriched lavas at the Pitcairn hotspot have signatures that are consistent with recycled sediments derived from upper continental crust. Pitcairn lavas have elevated Ti, which also supports the presence of a mafic protolith in the Pitcairn mantle. A subset of Pitcairn seamount samples, including the seamount sample presented here, are tholeiitic. Tholeiitic lavas are uncommon at ocean hotspots located far from mid-ocean ridges. Like tholeiites that erupted in Hawaii, the presence of tholeiites in the Pitcairn magmatic suite can be explained by melting a silica-saturated recycled mafic component in the Pitcairn mantle source. We also present the highest 3He/4He ratio (12.6 Ra, ratio to atmosphere) from the Pitcairn hotspot. This sample anchors the high 206Pb/204Pb portion of the Pitcairn array and provides evidence for a plume component in the Pitcairn mantle. In contrast, Pitcairn lavas that have the lowest 206Pb/204Pb are the most geochemically enriched, and have the highest 87Sr/86Sr and lowest 143Nd/144Nd in the Pitcairn suite; these EM-1 end-member lavas have MORB-like 3He/4He (~  8 Ra, ratio to atmosphere). Recycled oceanic crust and sediment suggested to be in the Pitcairn EM-1 mantle are expected to have low 3He/4He (<  0.1 Ra). Therefore, the higher, MORB-like 3He/4He in Pitcairn EM-1 lavas is paradoxical, but might be explained by diffusive exchange of helium, but not the heavy radiogenic isotopes, with the ambient mantle over billion-year timescales.