Recognizing soft-sediment structures in deformed rocks of orogens

► Soft-sediment structures are difficult to recognize where tectonically overprinted. ► Distinguish lithification questions from kinematic questions. ► Liquefaction causes sand to have lower strength than surrounding mud.► Class 3 folds and angular re-entrants indicate deformation during sand liquefaction. ► These geometries in low-grade rocks are indicators of soft-sediment deformation.