Characterization of bi-planar and ploughing failure mechanisms in footwall slopes using numerical modelling

• First comprehensive analyses of bi-planar and ploughing failure using DEM and FDEM.
• First comparison of frictional plasticity theory with DEM and FDEM simulations.
• Simulation results demonstrated a good agreement with frictional plasticity theory.
• Damage intensity parameter is introduced as a new approach for damage quantification.

Footwall slopes refer to unbenched rock slopes in which the slope face is parallel to a set of persistent discontinuities (e.g. bedding planes, foliation, faults). These are commonly encountered in weak, thinly bedded, orthogonally jointed, sedimentary rock sequences. Common failure mechanisms include bi-planar failures where shallow dipping crosscutting structures daylight near the slope toe, enabling sliding to occur along steep dipping bedding planes. In the absence of crosscutting structures, failure occurs through deformation and rock mass yielding involving the formation of inter block shear and toe breakout surfaces. Because of the complexity of the toe breakout mechanism, evaluation methods are not well understood. An improved understanding of the failure mechanism, the role of adverse discontinuities, and characterization of the discontinuity, intact rock and rock mass strength properties are key for a successful footwall stability analysis. This paper investigates the development of the inter block shear and toe breakout surfaces with three approaches: i) continuum-based frictional plasticity theory; ii) discontinuum-based distinct-element modelling with Voronoi tessellation using the commercial software UDEC; and iii) hybrid continuum/discontinuum finite-/discrete-element brittle fracture modelling using the commercial software ELFEN. Numerical simulations using ELFEN and UDEC demonstrated a good agreement with frictional plasticity theory. Ploughing failure of footwall slopes is also evaluated, specifically the influence of cross-cutting discontinuity dip angle relative to the slope face. The effects of different geometrical parameters (e.g., slope angle and depth/height ratio) on bi-planar and ploughing failure are assessed using a sensitivity analysis approach. A “Damage Intensity” parameter is introduced and used to quantify damage in the numerical simulations using ELFEN.