Toxicity and efficacy of CdO nanostructures on the MDCK and Caki-2 cells

- CdO nanostructures synthesized via green route using Polygala tenuifolia root extract as capping and reducing agent.
- CdO nanostructures were triangle square and rectangle in shape.
- We studied the toxic effect of CdO nanostructures on MDCK and Caki-2 cells.

This article reports the toxicological effects of synthesized cadmium oxide (CdO) nanostructures via a simple green route using a Polygala tenuifolia root extract on normal and renal tumor cells. First, the formation of cadmium oxide nanostructures were confirmed structurally by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The powder was crystallized in a cubic structure with a space group of Fm-3m. The mean crystallize size was approximately 40 and 44 nm from the Scherrer and size-strain plots, respectively. The surface states of the cadmium oxide nanostructure using the O 1s and Cd 3d spectra were analyzed by XPS. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the simple green route resulted in various morphologies of synthesized cadmium oxide, such as trigonal-, tetrahedron-, and sheet-like structures. Finally, the toxic effects of the cadmium oxide nanostructures on Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK cells), as well as the human renal cancer cell line (Caki-2 cells) were investigated using a SRB assay and two-color flow cytometry analysis. The cadmium oxide nanostructures showed significant cell growth inhibition in normal and also tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the inhibition was higher in the cancer cells compared to the normal cells.

Graphical Abstract