Technical PaperAn extended hypoplastic constitutive model for frozen sand

This paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for frozen sand. The model is obtained by introducing temperature-dependent cohesion and a deformation-related function for strain softening. The extended model is simple in mathematical formulation and contains only eight parameters, which can be easily obtained from conventional triaxial tests. The model performance is shown by simulating a series of triaxial compression tests at different temperatures and confining pressures.