Hydrological versus volcanic processes affecting fluid circulation at Mt. Etna: Inferences from 10Â years of observations at the volcanic aquifer

Based on the above mechanisms, the contribution of different water types has been estimated according to their chemical composition: it has been assumed that water circulating in the volcanic pile has a typical HCO3−-rich composition, whereas Cl−, SO4=, and NO3− could be contributed by rainfall, anthropogenic pollution, and sedimentary fluids rich in Na+ and Cl−. The compositionally different end members have been identified based on the results of factor analysis, which allowed those chemicals accounted for by a single water end member to be grouped within the same factor. In some cases the SO4= enrichment is related to the dissolution of SO4=-bearing alteration minerals contained in volcanic sequences, and in such cases this is associated with HCO3−. We hypothesize a binary mixing between the HCO3−-rich volcanic end member and an end member polluted with Cl−, SO4=, and NO3− related to water circulation at shallow levels. These two end members are identified by their HCO3−/(Cl−+ SO4=+ NO3−) ratio and Cl−, SO4=, and NO3− contents measured at each sampling site. The extent of mixing between these different water types changes over time, probably due to changes in their circulation patterns, with water being transferred from/to water bodies with different compositions. Once the proportion of the HCO3− content related to the binary mixing is determined, we can compute the amount of HCO3− related to the variable input of CO2 over time into the aquifer. The obtained temporal trends are-over a long time period-synchronous in the two sectors of the volcano where the maximal CO2 degassing occurs, namely the Paternò-Belpasso area on the southwestern flank and the Zafferana-S. Venerina area on the eastern flank. This provides evidence for a common deep mechanism underlying the CO2 variations that is related to the dynamics of the volcano. Some inconsistent trends are observed in the two sectors during specific periods, such as in 2012, which is probably due to the marked dynamics affecting the eastern flank compared to the more stable southwestern one.