CpG and poly(I:C) stimulation of dendritic cells and fibroblasts limits herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in an IFNβ-dependent and -independent way

► CpG stimulation of pDCs results in a strong antiviral effect. ► The observed antiviral effects of TLR ligands are mainly IFNβ-dependent. ► No significant antiviral role for IFNα is observed after TLR stimulation of DCs. ► The strong antiviral effect of poly(I:C) is DC-independent.