Surgical Resident Education in Noninstrumented Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study with a 4.5-Year Follow-Up

The global outcome, as measured by HRQOL response after a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, was similar for teaching and nonteaching cases. Patients from both groups scored virtually equal results on various pain, functional, and HRQOL metrics, and the reoperation rate was similar.