Pb, Cu and Cd distribution in five estuary systems of Marche, central Italy

Heavy metals are subjected to monitoring in estuarine and marine water by the European Union Water Framework Directive, which requires water body health to be achieved by 2021. This is the first survey of heavy metals content in five estuaries of Marche, a region in central Italy. Results showed that total Pb and Cu concentrations decreased by 70-80%, from 1000-2000 to 100-200 ng L−1 (Pb) and from 2000-3000 to 500-1000 ng L−1 (Cu) from river to sea. Cd was consistently 20-40 ng L−1. Dissolved Pb and Cu concentrations declined by 50% and 70% respectively passing from oligohaline to euhaline water, from 150 to 70 ng L−1 and from 2000-1000 to 600-400 ng L−1. Cd decreased slightly from ∼20 to ∼10 ng L−1. Although such concentrations are in the range allowed by the Water Framework Directive, they far exceed (up to 10×) the ground content ceiling set for 2021.