Noble gases in sulfide deposits of modern deep-sea hydrothermal systems: Implications for heat fluxes and hydrothermal fluid processes

- Helium in most seafloor sulfides is predominantly derived from a mantle source.
- Heavier noble gases are mainly derived from seawater.
- Low-temperature sulfate and opal fluid inclusions are sinks of heavier noble gases.
- Global fluxes of He and heat from vents are at least 500 kg per year and 1 × 1011 W.

Studies of noble gases in seafloor sulfide deposits are an important tool for understanding the origin of ore-forming fluids, both enabling the determination of noble gas sources and revealing the degree of fluid-rock interaction and mantle degassing. The noble gas concentrations and isotopic compositions of 27 sulfide, 3 sulfate, and 2 opal mineral aggregate samples have been studied in different hydrothermal fields from the East Pacific Rise, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Central Indian Ridge, Southwest Indian Ridge, and North Fiji Back-Arc Basin. The helium concentrations and isotopic ratios in the sulfide aggregate samples are variable (4He 0.12 to 22 × 10− 8 cm3 STP/g; 3He/4He ~ 0.6 to 10.4 Ra), and most of the sulfide helium concentrations are higher than those in the opal mineral samples (4He 0.017 and 0.028 × 10− 8 cm3 STP/g), suggesting that the low-temperature fluids have lost their mantle helium during cooling. The helium of high (> 7 Ra), medium (1-7 Ra), and low (≈ 1 Ra) 3He/4He ratio samples is derived mainly from the MORB or OIB mantle by magma degassing, from mixing between hydrothermal fluid and seawater during ore-forming processes, and from ambient seawater, respectively. The high 3He/4He ratios (> 7 Ra) of sulfides imply that high-temperature sulfides retain the helium isotopic compositions of the primary hydrothermal fluid, whereas low-temperature sulfides, sulfates, and opal minerals do not.The neon, argon, krypton, and xenon concentrations in the sulfide aggregate samples are also variable; in most of the sulfide aggregates, they are significantly lower than in the sulfate and opal mineral samples. It is known that barite and opal minerals are characteristic of low-temperature (< 200 °C) paragenetic associations, indicating that heavier noble gases (Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) are enriched under low-temperature conditions. Most of the sulfide, sulfate and opal mineral aggregate samples possess heavy noble gas elemental abundances similar to those of air-saturated seawater and Ne, Ar, and Xe isotopic compositions that span narrow ranges around atmospheric values, an observation which is most easily explained by the dominance of a seawater-derived component.In addition, based on the calculated helium/heat ratios, global helium and heat fluxes to high-temperature hydrothermal vents are approximately 0.05-6 × 104 kg per year and 0.1-12 × 1012 W, meaning that roughly 0.3% of ocean heat is supplied by seafloor high-temperature hydrothermal activity.