The influence of sub-glacial bed evolution on ice extent: a model-based evaluation of the Last Glacial Maximum Pukaki glacier, New Zealand

► We use the LGM moraines of Pukaki glacier as a constraint on a simple glacier model. ► It is important to consider the bed profile when estimating climate from moraines. ► Modeling shows a LGM temperature decrease of 7.0-8.0 °C from present. ► Changes in bed profile can cause kilometer-scale glacier length change.