Selectivity and stability of alkaline protease AL-89 in hydrophilic solvents

The alkaline protease from Bacillus pseudofirmus strain AL-89 used vinyl fatty acid esters of increasing chain length from C10 to C18 equally well as substrates for esterification of sucrose in a reaction mixture of DMF and DMSO (1:1, v/v). The synthesized esters were purified and characterized by NMR and nano-electron spray MS. As evaluated by the initial reaction rates, the primary site of substitution of sucrose was at the C-2 position with the C-3 and C-3′ as secondary substitution sites. The enzyme catalysed the formation of 3-O-acyl sucrose from 2-O-acyl sucrose. The investigation did not reveal if the 3′-O-acyl sucrose was formed the same way. The synthesis of the 2-O-esters showed the characteristics of kinetically controlled reactions, whereas the formation of the 3-O- and 3′-O-esters showed the characteristics of equilibrium controlled reactions. The enzyme catalysed process was effected by initial water content, substrate molar ratio and reaction temperature. Under the reaction conditions of 0% initial water content, a molar ratio of sucrose to vinyl stearate of 1:1.5 and 70 °C an initial formation rate of 13.5, 2.9 and 2.1 μmol min−1 was achieved for 2-O-, 3-O- and 3′-O-stearoyl sucrose respectively with a specific initial synthesis rate of 2-O-stearoyl sucrose of 0.27 μmol min−1 mg−1 biocatalyst. In the absence of substrates the enzyme proved to be more stable in DMF than in water and DMSO at 50 °C. Mixing DMF with DMSO 1:1 (v/v) increased the stability and the half-life was found equal to that in water. In the presence of substrates a residual activity of 40% was observed after 24 h of incubation in the 1:1 (v/v) mixture of DMF and DMSO at 70 °C.