Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous oil-prone coal and host rocks from the Laoheishan Basin, northeast China

Minerals in the coal include kaolinite, quartz, illite (and/or illite/smectite), chlorite, feldspar, calcite, and traces of pyrite, rutile and zircon, similar to the oil shale partings. Most of the minerals (quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, rutile and zircon) occur in layers within detrovitrinite and probably are of detrital origin. Pyrite and calcite are of epigenetic origin and probably derived from hydrothermal fluids. Compared with average Chinese coal, the Laoheishan coal is enriched in Zr, Nb, In and Sb. Zirconium and Nb mainly occur in zircon. Indium is both organically and inorganically associated, whereas antimony largely occurs in pyrite. REY (rare earth elements and yttrium) distribution patterns of coals and oil shale partings are dominated by Heavy-REY enrichment, whereas roof and floor samples are Medium-REY enriched. The M-HREY enrichment is probably caused by low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The sedimentary input is the major controlling factor of geochemical patterns in coal and host rocks. The source rocks are probably felsic-intermediate igneous rocks from the surrounding basement, as indicated by relatively high Al2O3/TiO2 ratios (7-38), cross-plot between Zr/Ti and Nb/Y, negative Eu anomalies (0.28-0.96), the presence of K-feldspar and plagioclase, and lithic fragment types (such as granite and andesite) in the samples. In addition, source rocks of sediments have caused high Zr and Nb concentrations in the coal.