Estrogen levels, emotion regulation, and emotional symptoms of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: The moderating effect of estrogen receptor 1α polymorphism

The results demonstrate the association between estrogen and anxiety in PMDD, supporting the claim that women with PMDD differ in their responses to normal estrogen levels. Furthermore, this association and dysfunctional emotional regulation in PMDD existed only among the G carriers of ESR α-Xbal polymorphism. Future studies should investigate the effect of estrogen on brain functions involving emotional regulation in women with PMDD, stratified by ESR α-Xbal polymorphism.