Pedicle Screw Revision in Robot-Guided, Navigated, and Freehand Thoracolumbar Instrumentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Based on the available data in the peer-reviewed literature, computer assistance in the form of robotic guidance or navigation has the potential to reduce the incidence of costly and clinically relevant postoperative revisions for screw malposition. It is essential to further investigate on a higher level of evidence if the clinical benefits of computer assistance warrant the high acquisition and maintenance costs inherent to these systems.