Deformation bands in volcaniclastic rocks - Insights from the Shihtiping tuffs, Coastal Range of Taiwan

Deformation bands have been extensively studied in sandstones, whereas far less is known about bands occurring in porous volcaniclastic rocks. Here we investigate spectacular outcrop exposures of late Miocene tuffaceous rocks in the Coastal Range of Taiwan, which host several deformation band types: (i) disaggregation-dominated, layer-bound, sub-vertically-dipping pure compaction bands (PCB); (ii) cataclastic, layer-bound, reverse-sense compactional shear bands (RCSB); and (iii) non-layer-bound and intensely cataclastic transverse-sense compactional shear bands (TCSB). RCSBs and TCSBs host discrete slip surfaces on individual bands. The bands formed in an overall compressive stress regime related to convergence of the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates. PCBs and RCSBs formed first, whereas progressive burial caused a shift to a transverse stress state and formation of TCSBs. The occurrence of cataclasis in RCSBs but not PCBs is inferred to be shear-driven, rather than confining-pressure-driven. Our findings suggest that cataclasis in deformation bands in volcaniclastic rocks is bimodal. Shear localization preferentially affects weak glass shards, causing intense comminution of volcanic glass. Feldspar, pyroxene and amphibole phenocrysts are comparatively less crushed, and cataclasis is strongly controlled by mineralogic cleavage planes. We conclude that increasing glass content reduces shear resistance, and that deformation bands in volcaniclastic rocks effectively exhibit a strain-weakening behavior.