How to use drugs for pain management: from pharmacokinetics to pharmacogenomics

PGx are, however, only one group of co-variates of interindividual variability. People differ and the interindividual phenotypic variability is the final result of maturation, genomic variation and environment. Other clinical characteristics, like ontogeny (i.e. age-dependent maturation), co-morbidity (e.g. hepatic or renal dysfunction) or co-medication should be considered together with the genomic variation. Population pharmacokinetic models hereby enable researchers to simultaneously assess the independent impact of different co-variates.