Julia's placebo effect

Placebo analgesia is the occurrence of an analgesic drug effect without drugs. The response is learned through conditioning and mediated by expectancy. It lies on the up-regulation of the pain-modulating areas and the down-regulation of the pain-encoding regions. A further mechanism is the retrieval of the brain circuit activity previously excited by drugs. We describe the case of an infant affected by a tracheal agenesis who underwent a series of operative and diagnostic bronchoscopies for which she received midazolam and fentanyl. After 61 procedures the infant showed a somatosensory response which in our interpretation reflected a placebo effect. Ontogenetic considerations and specific observations indicate that the infant had the appropriate competences in her learning and memory systems and nociceptive and antinociceptive circuits for the placebo effect to take place. Generalizing, the introduction of placebo manipulation in infant pain management may be taken into consideration; its approach through observational and experimental studies is the preliminary target.